Cyberspace & the American Dream Esther Dyson Review

Concept describing a widespread, interconnected digital technology

Cyberspace is a concept describing a widespread interconnected digital engineering science. "The expression dates back from the outset decade of the improvidence of the cyberspace. It refers to the online world as a globe 'autonomously', as singled-out from everyday reality.^[1] In cyberspace people tin hide behind faux identities, equally in the famous The New Yorker cartoon." (Delfanti, Arvidsson, 150) The term entered pop civilization from science fiction and the arts but is now used past technology strategists, security professionals, government, military and industry leaders and entrepreneurs to draw the domain of the global applied science environment, normally defined as standing for the global network of interdependent it infrastructures, telecommunications networks and reckoner processing systems. Others consider cyberspace to exist but a notional environs in which communication over computer networks occurs.^[2] The word became popular in the 1990s when the use of the Internet, networking, and digital advice were all growing dramatically; the term cyberspace was able to represent the many new ideas and phenomena that were emerging.^{[3] [four]}

Equally a social experience, individuals can collaborate, exchange ideas, share data, provide social support, conduct business, direct actions, create creative media, play games, engage in political give-and-take, and then on, using this global network. They are sometimes referred to as cybernauts. The term internet has become a conventional means to describe anything associated with the Internet and the diverse Cyberspace culture. The United States government recognizes the interconnected information technology and the interdependent network of data technology infrastructures operating across this medium every bit role of the U.s. national critical infrastructure. Amongst individuals on cyberspace, there is believed to be a code of shared rules and ethics mutually beneficial for all to follow, referred to as cyberethics. Many view the right to privacy as most of import to a functional code of cyberethics.^[5] Such moral responsibilities go hand in hand when working online with global networks, specifically, when opinions are involved with online social experiences.^{[half dozen] [7]}

According to Chip Morningstar and F. Randall Farmer, cyberspace is divers more than by the social interactions involved rather than its technical implementation.^[viii] In their view, the computational medium in internet is an augmentation of the communication channel betwixt real people; the core characteristic of cyberspace is that it offers an environment that consists of many participants with the ability to affect and influence each other. They derive this concept from the observation that people seek richness, complexity, and depth inside a virtual earth.

Origins of the term [edit]

The term "internet" starting time appeared in the visual arts in the late 1960s, when Danish artist Susanne Ussing (1940-1998) and her partner builder Carsten Hoff (b. 1934) constituted themselves as Atelier Cyberspace. Under this name the two fabricated a serial of installations and images entitled "sensory spaces" that were based on the principle of open systems adaptable to various influences, such as human movement and the behaviour of new materials.^[9]

Atelier Cyberspace worked at a time when the Internet did not exist and computers were more or less off-limit to artists and creative engagement. In a 2015-interview with Scandinavian art mag Kunstkritikk, Carsten Hoff recollects, that although Atelier Cyberspace did effort to implement computers, they had no involvement in the virtual infinite every bit such:^[9]

To u.s.a., "cyberspace" was simply near managing spaces. There was nothing esoteric almost information technology. Nothing digital, either. It was just a tool. The space was concrete, physical.

And in the same interview Hoff continues:

Our shared point of deviation was that we were working with physical settings, and we were both frustrated and displeased with the architecture from the period, particularly when it came to spaces for living. We felt that there was a demand to loosen upwardly the rigid confines of urban planning, giving dorsum the gift of inventiveness to individual human being beings and allowing them to shape and pattern their houses or dwellings themselves – instead of having some clever builder pop up, telling you how you should live. Nosotros were thinking in terms of open up-ended systems where things could grow and evolve as required. For instance, nosotros imagined a kind of mobile production unit, but unfortunately the drawings have been lost. Information technology was a kind of truck with a nozzle at the back. Like a bee building its hive. The nozzle would emit and apply textile that grew to form amorphous mushrooms or whatever you lot might imagine. Information technology was supposed to exist computer-controlled, allowing yous to create interesting shapes and sequences of spaces. It was a merging of organic and technological systems, a new style of structuring the earth. And a response that counteracted industrial uniformity. We had this idea that sophisticated software might enable usa to mimic the way in which nature creates products – where things that belong to the same family unit can take different forms. All oak trees are oak trees, simply no two oak trees are exactly alike. So a whole new fabric – polystyrene foam – arrived on the scene. It behaved like nature in the sense that it grew when its two component parts were mixed. Nigh like a fungal growth. This fabricated it an obvious choice for our work in Atelier Cyberspace.

The works of Atelier Cyberspace were originally shown at a number of Copenhagen venues and take later been exhibited at The National Gallery of Denmark in Copenhagen as part of the exhibition "What's Happening?"^[x]

The term "cyberspace" first appeared in fiction in the 1980s in the piece of work of cyberpunk science fiction author William Gibson, start in his 1982 short story "Burning Chrome" and later in his 1984 novel Neuromancer.^[11] In the next few years, the word became prominently identified with online computer networks. The portion of Neuromancer cited in this respect is usually the post-obit:^[12]

Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts... A graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the man organisation. Unthinkable complication. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like urban center lights, receding.

At present widely used, the term has since been criticized by Gibson, who commented on the origin of the term in the 2000 documentary No Maps for These Territories:

All I knew about the give-and-take "cyberspace" when I coined it, was that information technology seemed like an effective buzzword. It seemed evocative and essentially meaningless. It was suggestive of something, simply had no real semantic meaning, fifty-fifty for me, as I saw it emerge on the page.

Metaphorical [edit]

Don Slater uses a metaphor to ascertain cyberspace, describing the "sense of a social setting that exists purely within a space of representation and communication ... it exists entirely within a reckoner space, distributed across increasingly complex and fluid networks." The term "Net" started to become a de facto synonym for the Internet, and later the World wide web, during the 1990s, especially in academic circles^[thirteen] and activist communities. Writer Bruce Sterling, who popularized this meaning,^[fourteen] credits John Perry Barlow as the outset to utilize it to refer to "the present-twenty-four hour period nexus of estimator and telecommunications networks". Barlow describes it thus in his essay to announce the formation of the Electronic Borderland Foundation (annotation the spatial metaphor) in June 1990:^[15]

In this silent world, all conversation is typed. To enter it, i forsakes both body and place and becomes a thing of words alone. Yous can see what your neighbors are saying (or recently said), but non what either they or their concrete surroundings look like. Town meetings are continuous and discussions rage on everything from sexual kinks to depreciation schedules. Whether by 1 telephonic tendril or millions, they are all connected to ane another. Collectively, they form what their inhabitants call the Net. It extends across that immense region of electron states, microwaves, magnetic fields, calorie-free pulses and thought which sci-fi writer William Gibson named Net.

—John Perry Barlow, "Crime and Puzzlement", 1990-06-08

As Barlow, and the EFF continued public teaching efforts to promote the idea of "digital rights", the term was increasingly used during the Internet boom of the tardily 1990s.

Virtual environments [edit]

Although the present-twenty-four hours, loose use of the term "cyberspace" no longer implies or suggests immersion in a virtual reality, current engineering science allows the integration of a number of capabilities (sensors, signals, connections, transmissions, processors, and controllers) sufficient to generate a virtual interactive experience that is accessible regardless of a geographic location. It is for these reasons cyberspace has been described as the ultimate tax haven.^[16]

In 1989, Autodesk, an American multinational corporation that focuses on second and 3D design software, adult a virtual design organization called Cyberspace.^[17]

Contempo definitions of Cyberspace [edit]

Although several definitions of internet tin can be found both in scientific literature and in official governmental sources, there is no fully agreed official definition yet. According to F. D. Kramer there are 28 different definitions of the term net. Come across in particular the following links: "Cyberpower and National Security: Policy Recommendations for a Strategic Framework," in Cyberpower and National Security, FD Kramer, Due south. Starr, L.K. Wentz (ed.), National Defense force Academy Press, Washington (DC) 2009; encounter also Mayer, Grand., Chiarugi, I., De Scalzi, Due north., https://world wide web.academia.edu/14336129/International_Politics_in_the_Digital_Age.

The most recent typhoon definition is the following:

Cyberspace is a global and dynamic domain (subject to constant alter) characterized by the combined utilise of electrons and the electromagnetic spectrum, whose purpose is to create, store, modify, exchange, share, and excerpt, apply, eliminate information and disrupt physical resource. Cyberspace includes: a) physical infrastructures and telecommunications devices that allow for the connection of technological and advice arrangement networks, understood in the broadest sense (SCADA devices, smartphones/tablets, computers, servers, etc.); b) computer systems (run across point a) and the related (sometimes embedded) software that guarantee the domain's basic operational performance and connectivity; c) networks between computer systems; d) networks of networks that connect computer systems (the distinction betwixt networks and networks of networks is mainly organizational); e) the admission nodes of users and intermediaries routing nodes; f) constituent data (or resident information). Ofttimes, in mutual parlance (and sometimes in commercial language), networks of networks are called the Internet (with a lowercase i), while networks between computers are chosen intranet. Cyberspace (with a capital I, in journalistic linguistic communication sometimes called the Internet) can be considered a part of the arrangement a). A distinctive and constitutive characteristic of internet is that no central entity exercises control over all the networks that brand upward this new domain.^[18] Just as in the real world there is no world regime, net lacks an institutionally predefined hierarchical center. To internet, a domain without a hierarchical ordering principle, we tin, therefore, extend the definition of international politics coined by Kenneth Waltz: every bit existence "with no system of law enforceable." This does non hateful that the dimension of power in cyberspace is absent, nor that power is dispersed and scattered into a thousand invisible streams, nor that information technology is evenly spread across myriad people and organizations, every bit some scholars had predicted. On the contrary, internet is characterized by a precise structuring of hierarchies of power.^[19]

The Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States Department of Defense define cyberspace as one of five interdependent domains, the remaining iv existence land, air, maritime, and space.^[20] See United States Cyber Command

Cyberspace every bit an Internet metaphor [edit]

While net should not be dislocated with the Internet, the term is frequently used to refer to objects and identities that exist largely within the advice network itself, so that a website, for example, might exist metaphorically said to "exist in internet".^[21] According to this interpretation, events taking place on the Internet are not happening in the locations where participants or servers are physically located, but "in net". The philosopher Michel Foucault used the term heterotopias, to describe such spaces which are simultaneously physical and mental.

Firstly, cyberspace describes the menstruum of digital data through the network of interconnected computers: it is at once not "real", since one could not spatially locate it every bit a tangible object, and conspicuously "real" in its furnishings. In that location accept been several attempts to create a concise model about how cyberspace works since information technology is not a physical affair that can be looked at.^[22] Secondly, cyberspace is the site of computer-mediated communication (CMC), in which online relationships and alternative forms of online identity were enacted, raising important questions about the social psychology of Internet utilize, the relationship between "online" and "offline" forms of life and interaction, and the relationship between the "existent" and the virtual. Net draws attention to remediation of civilization through new media technologies: it is non just a communication tool simply a social destination and is culturally significant in its own right. Finally, internet tin exist seen every bit providing new opportunities to reshape society and civilisation through "hidden" identities, or information technology can be seen every bit borderless advice and culture.^[23]

Cyberspace is the "identify" where a telephone conversation appears to occur. Non within your actual phone, the plastic device on your desk. Non inside the other person's phone, in some other city. The place between the phones. [...] in the past 20 years, this electric "infinite," which was one time thin and dark and one-dimensional—little more than than a narrow speaking-tube, stretching from phone to telephone—has flung itself open like a gigantic jack-in-the-box. Light has flooded upon it, the eerie low-cal of the glowing reckoner screen. This dark electric netherworld has become a vast flowering electronic landscape. Since the 1960s, the world of the phone has cantankerous-bred itself with computers and television receiver, and though in that location is still no substance to cyberspace, nothing yous tin handle, information technology has a strange kind of physicality now. Information technology makes good sense today to talk of cyberspace as a place all its own.

The "space" in cyberspace has more in mutual with the abstract, mathematical meanings of the term (meet space) than concrete space. Information technology does not take the duality of positive and negative volume (while in concrete space, for example, a room has the negative volume of usable infinite delineated by positive volume of walls, Internet users cannot enter the screen and explore the unknown part of the Net every bit an extension of the infinite they are in), but spatial meaning can exist attributed to the human relationship between different pages (of books as well as web servers), considering the unturned pages to exist somewhere "out there." The concept of cyberspace, therefore, refers non to the content existence presented to the surfer, but rather to the possibility of surfing amid dissimilar sites, with feedback loops between the user and the rest of the system creating the potential to e'er run into something unknown or unexpected.

Video games differ from text-based communication in that on-screen images are meant to be figures that actually occupy a space and the animation shows the motility of those figures. Images are supposed to form the positive volume that delineates the empty space. A game adopts the cyberspace metaphor past engaging more players in the game, and then figuratively representing them on the screen as avatars. Games do not have to finish at the avatar-player level, simply current implementations aiming for more immersive playing space (i.e. Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation tag) have the form of augmented reality rather than cyberspace, fully immersive virtual realities remaining impractical.

Although the more than radical consequences of the global communication network predicted by some cyberspace proponents (i.e. the diminishing of land influence envisioned past John Perry Barlow^[24]) failed to materialize and the word lost some of its novelty appeal, it remains current as of 2006^[update].^{[6] [25]}

Some virtual communities explicitly refer to the concept of cyberspace, for case Linden Lab calling their customers "Residents" of Second Life, while all such communities can be positioned "in net" for explanatory and comparative purposes (as did Sterling in The Hacker Crackdown, followed by many journalists), integrating the metaphor into a wider cyber-culture.

The metaphor has been useful in helping a new generation of idea leaders to reason through new war machine strategies effectually the globe, led largely past the US Department of Defense (DoD).^[26] The utilise of cyberspace as a metaphor has had its limits, however, peculiarly in areas where the metaphor becomes confused with physical infrastructure. It has besides been critiqued as beingness unhelpful for falsely employing a spatial metaphor to describe what is inherently a network.^[21]

Alternate realities in philosophy and fine art [edit]

Predating computers [edit]

A precursor of the modernistic ideas of internet is the Cartesian notion that people might be deceived past an evil demon that feeds them a simulated reality. This argument is the direct predecessor of modern ideas of a encephalon in a vat and many pop conceptions of internet have Descartes's ideas as their starting point.

Visual arts have a tradition, stretching back to antiquity, of artifacts meant to fool the eye and be mistaken for reality. This questioning of reality occasionally led some philosophers and especially theologians^[27] to distrust art every bit deceiving people into entering a globe which was not real (encounter Aniconism). The artistic challenge was resurrected with increasing appetite as art became more and more realistic with the invention of photography, film (see Inflow of a Train at La Ciotat), and immersive computer simulations.

Influenced by computers [edit]

Philosophy [edit]

American counterculture exponents similar William Due south. Burroughs (whose literary influence on Gibson and cyberpunk in general is widely acknowledged^{[28] [29]}) and Timothy Leary^[xxx] were among the first to extol the potential of computers and figurer networks for individual empowerment.^[31]

Some contemporary philosophers and scientists (e.grand. David Deutsch in The Fabric of Reality) employ virtual reality in various thought experiments. For example, Philip Zhai in Become Real: A Philosophical Adventure in Virtual Reality connects cyberspace to the Platonic tradition:

Allow us imagine a nation in which everyone is hooked up to a network of VR infrastructure. They have been and then hooked up since they left their mother'due south wombs. Immersed in cyberspace and maintaining their life by teleoperation, they have never imagined that life could be whatsoever different from that. The first person that thinks of the possibility of an culling earth like ours would be ridiculed by the majority of these citizens, just like the few enlightened ones in Plato'southward allegory of the cave.

Annotation that this brain-in-a-vat statement conflates net with reality, while the more common descriptions of cyberspace contrast it with the "existent earth".

Cyber-Geography [edit]

The "Geography of Notopia" (Papadimitriou, 2006) theorizes about the complex interplay of cyber-cultures and the geographical space. This interplay has several philosophical and psychological facets (Papadimitriou, 2009).

A New Communication Model [edit]

The technological convergence of the mass media is the result of a long adaptation process of their chatty resources to the evolutionary changes of each historical moment. Thus, the new media became (plurally) an extension of the traditional media in cyberspace, allowing to the public access information in a wide range of digital devices.^[32] In other words, it is a cultural virtualization of human being reality every bit a result of the migration from physical to virtual space (mediated by the ICTs), ruled past codes, signs and particular social relationships. Forrard, arise instant means of advice, interaction and possible quick access to information, in which we are no longer mere senders, only likewise producers, reproducers, co-workers and providers. New technologies also help to "connect" people from different cultures outside the virtual space, which was unthinkable fifty years ago. In this giant relationships web, we mutually absorb each other'southward behavior, customs, values, laws and habits, cultural legacies perpetuated by a physical-virtual dynamics in abiding metamorphosis (ibidem). In this sense, Professor Doctor Marcelo Mendonça Teixeira created, in 2013, a new model of advice to the virtual universe,^[33] based in Claude Elwood Shannon (1948) article "A Mathematical Theory of Advice".

Art [edit]

Having originated among writers, the concept of cyberspace remains nearly pop in literature and film. Although artists working with other media have expressed interest in the concept, such as Roy Ascott, "net" in digital art is mostly used as a synonym for immersive virtual reality and remains more discussed than enacted.^[34]

Calculator crime [edit]

Cyberspace also brings together every service and facility imaginable to expedite money laundering. I can purchase anonymous credit cards, depository financial institution accounts, encrypted global mobile telephones, and false passports. From there 1 can pay professional advisors to ready up IBCs (International Business Corporations, or corporations with anonymous ownership) or similar structures in OFCs (Offshore Fiscal Centers). Such advisors are loath to ask any penetrating questions near the wealth and activities of their clients, since the average fees criminals pay them to launder their money can be as much as 20 percentage.^[35]

5-level model [edit]

In 2010, a five-level model was designed in France. Co-ordinate to this model, net is composed of five layers based on data discoveries: 1) language, 2) writing, 3) printing, four) Internet, 5) Etc., i.e. the rest, e.thou. noosphere, artificial life, artificial intelligence, etc., etc. This original model links the earth of information to telecommunication technologies.

Meet besides [edit]

• Augmented browsing
• Bogus intelligence
• Autonomy
• Computer security
• Cyber-HUMINT
• Cyberwarfare
• Cyber security standards
• Framework Programmes for Enquiry and Technological Evolution
• Wired glove
• Online magazine
• Cybersex
• Crypto-anarchism
• Digital pet
• Esports
• Global commons
• Information expressway
• Infosphere
• Cyberspace art
• Legal aspects of computing
• Wikipedia:Link surfing
• Real life
• Metaverse
• Mixed reality
• Multi-amanuensis system
• Noosphere
• Reality–virtuality continuum
• Faux reality
• Social software
• Computer programme
• Sentience
• Telepresence
• Virtual world
• Virtual reality
• World Wide Spider web

Further reading [edit]

• Co-operative, J. (2020). "What's in a Name? Metaphors and Cybersecurity." International Organization.

References [edit]

1. ^ Govind., Warrier, Vinu. "The globe is now officially open for business!" : the ad of cyberspace : globalization and the politics of cyberculture. OCLC 1108665848.
2. ^ "Cyberspace | Definition of internet in US English by Oxford Dictionaries".
3. ^ Strate, Lance (1999). "The varieties of cyberspace: Problems in definition and delimitation". Western Journal of Advice. 63 (3): 382–83. doi:ten.1080/10570319909374648.
4. ^ Steiger, Stefan; Harnisch, Sebastian; Zettl, Kerstin; Lohmann, Johannes (2018-01-02). "Conceptualising conflicts in net". Journal of Cyber Policy. 3 (1): 77–95. doi:x.1080/23738871.2018.1453526. ISSN 2373-8871.
5. ^ Richard A. Spinello, "Cyberethics: Morality and Constabulary in Cyberspace"
6. ^ ^{a b} White House, "The National Strategy To Secure Cyberspace"
7. ^ Usa. President (2001-2009: Bush). (2003). The national strategy to secure cyberspace. White Business firm. (link to the pdf)
8. ^ Morningstar, Chip and F. Randall Farmer. The Lessons of Lucasfilm's Habitat. The New Media Reader. Ed. Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort: The MIT Press, 2003. 664-667. Print
9. ^ ^{a b} "The (Re)invention of Cyberspace". Archived from the original on 2015-08-26. Retrieved 2015-08-24 .
10. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-07-17. Retrieved 2015-08-24 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
11. ^ Scott Thil (March 17, 2009). "March 17, 1948: William Gibson, Father of Cyberspace". WIRED.
12. ^ Gibson, William (1984). Neuromancer . New York: Ace Books. p. 69. ISBN978-0-441-56956-four.
13. ^ Vanderbilt Academy, "Postmodernism and the Culture of Net" Archived 2007-01-07 at the Wayback Machine, Fall 1996 course syllabus
14. ^ Principia Cybernetica "Cyberspace"
15. ^ John Perry Barlow, "Crime and Puzzlement," Archived 2012-01-01 at the Wayback Machine June viii, 1990
16. ^ Davidson, James Dale; William Rees-Mogg (1999). The Sovereign Individual . Simon & Schuster. p. 8. ISBN978-0684832722.
17. ^ Andrew Pollack, New York Times, "For Artificial Reality, Wear A Computer," April 10, 1989
18. ^ Definition by Marco Mayer, Luigi Martino, Pablo Mazurier and Gergana Tzvetkova, Draft Pisa, 19 May 2014 https://www.academia.edu/7096442/How_would_you_define_Cyberspace
19. ^ The most recent analysis of the interaction of Net and International politics has been investigated in the MIT, Harvard and CFR ECIR project (Explorations in Cyber International Relations http://ecir.mit.edu/). ECIR Chief Investigator is Nazli Choucri http://spider web.mit.edu/polisci/people/faculty/nazli-choucri.html ^{[ permanent expressionless link ]}
20. ^ "DoD Joint Publication 3-12(R) Cyberspace Operations (5 February 2013)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2018-12-01 .
21. ^ ^{a b} Graham, Mark (2013). "Geography/internet: Ethereal alternating dimensions of internet or grounded augmented realities?". The Geographical Journal. 179 (2): 177–182. doi:ten.1111/geoj.12009.
22. ^ Bryant, William (November–December 2013). "Cyberspace Superiority A Conceptual Model" (PDF). Air & Infinite Power Journal. 27: 25–44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-04. Retrieved 2018-10-29 .
23. ^ New Media, an Introduction: Flew, Terry
24. ^ John Perry Barlow, "A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace", February viii, 1996
25. ^ FindLaw Legal News site, Tech and IP: Internet section, retrieved November 14, 2006.
26. ^ Cyber Conflict Studies Clan, CCSA
27. ^ Ranging beyond history, from the interference of depictions of newly died in the Groovy Dreaming of Australian ancient ancestors; East Roman/Byzantine iconoclasm movements in the 8th and eighth c. CE; in Islam, Sunni and other exegetes from the 9th century onward; in Judaism, Joseph Karo's Shulkhan Arukh (Code of Jewish Police: Venice, 1563); and, in the Bahai faith, the concerns of Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Bahá'í Organized religion (1921-57).
28. ^ Alexander Laurence, An Interview with John Shirley, 1994
29. ^ "Burroughs/Gysin/Throbbing Gristle", retrieved December 31, 2006
30. ^ "Net will be the LSD of the 90s", quoted by an on-line biography Archived 2006-12-09 at the Wayback Car
31. ^ Douglas Rushkoff, "Godfathers of Cyberspace"
32. ^ Teixeira, Marcelo Mendonca; Ferreira, Tiago Alessandro Espinola (2014-01-28). The Advice Model of Virtual Universe. Munich: Smile Verlag. ISBN9783656569916.
33. ^ The Communication Model of Virtual Universe: Amazon.co.britain: Marcelo Mendonça Teixeira, Tiago Alessandro EspÃnola Ferreira: 9783656569916: Books. ASIN 3656569916.
34. ^ Eduardo Kac, "Telepresence Art" Archived 2009-07-13 at the Portuguese Spider web Archive
35. ^ Granville, Johanna (2003). "Dot.Con: The Dangers of Cyber Crime and a Call for Proactive Solutions". Australian Journal of Politics and History. 49: 102–109. doi:x.1111/1467-8497.00284.

Sources [edit]

• Cyberculture, The key Concepts, edited by David Bong, Brian D.Loader, Nicholas Pleace and Douglas Schuler
• Christine Buci-Glucksmann, "Fifty'art à l'époque virtuel", in Frontières esthétiques de l'fine art, Arts 8, Paris: Fifty'Harmattan, 2004
• William Gibson. Neuromancer:20th Anniversary Edition. New York:Ace Books, 2004.
• Oliver Grau: Virtual Art. From Illusion to Immersion, MIT-Press, Cambridge 2003. (4 Auflagen).
• David Koepsell, The Ontology of Cyberspace, Chicago: Open Court, 2000.
• Ippolito, Jon (December 1998 – January 1999). "Cross Talk: Is Cyberspace Really a Space?". Artbyte: 12–24.
• Irvine, Martin. "Postmodern Science Fiction and Cyberpunk", retrieved 2006-07-19.
• Slater, Don 2002, 'Social Relationships and Identity Online and Offline', in L.Lievrouw and S.Livingston (eds), The Handbook of New Media, Sage, London, pp533–46.
• Graham, Mark (2011). "Time machines and virtual portals". Progress in Development Studies. 11 (3): 211–227. CiteSeerXx.1.1.659.9379. doi:x.1177/146499341001100303. S2CID 17281619.
• Sterling, Bruce. The Hacker Crackdown: Constabulary and Disorder On the Electronic Borderland. Spectra Books, 1992.
• Zhai, Philip. Get Real: A Philosophical Run a risk in Virtual Reality. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998.
• Teixeira, Marcelo Mendonça (2012). Cyberculture: From Plato To The Virtual Universe. The Architecture of Collective Intelligence. Munich: Grin Verlag.

External links [edit]

Look up cyberspace in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Cyberspace.

• A Proclamation of the Independence of Cyberspace by John Perry Barlow
• A Critique of the discussion "Cyberspace" at ZeroGeography
• Virtual Reality Photos, Republic of austria by Johann Steininger
• Peculiarities of Internet by Albert Benschop
• Sexual activity, Organized religion and Cyberspace past Richard Thieme
• Become Real: A Philosophical Run a risk in Virtual Reality by Philip Zhai
• Brains in a vat philosophical statement confronting the idea that nosotros could be in cyberspace and non know it by Hilary Putnam
• Cyberspace as a Domain In which the Air Force Flies and Fights, Speech by Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne
• DOD - Internet
• DHS - National Cybersecurity Division

• what is internet

turcottetherce.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace

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